Vitamin D and hypertension: Is there any significant relation?

Around a billion individuals worldwide have hypertension. Of these, 95% essential hypertension, type of undiagnosed hypertension.1 The regulation blood pressure (BP) involves numerous signaling pathways. Among them, the Renin Angiotensin System is well known. All these pathways are regulated by modulation renal salt handling and tone vascular smooth muscle (VSM) tissue. Any mechanisms can become faulty alter resistance arteries’ VSM tone, which elevate BP. However, since exact origin PH its pathophysiology unknown, less effective, generic treatments used.2 fact that more than 50% hypertension patients in USA do not their BP under good control serves as an illustration this. Antihypertensive treatment affects additional 5 million people defined inability to regulate despite use at least three antihypertensive drugs combination.3 Increasing age, racial variables, history household members, obese status, physical inactivity, larger amounts consumption, stress, tobacco use, heavy alcohol some potential etiological factors for hypertension.4 It has been examined previous meta-analyses how vitamin D supplementation BP,5 but it still unclear whether this connection causal general population. This study focused on finding out effect D3 deficiency Vitamin D, steroid hormone, promotes calcium phosphate absorption from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) reabsorption tubules. At low levels, causes bone mineralization. high doses, resorption. contributes significantly mineral metabolism skeletal homeostasis way.3 Up 80% human comes D3, produced skin ultraviolet (UV) radiation 7-dehydrocholesterol. Fish, egg yolk, fortified milk, cereal, juice, yogurt dietary sources provide D2 forms account around 20% body's requirement. significant form, 25-hydroxyvitamin [25(OH)D], liver body. most accurate measure action status levels D. mostly depends serum binding protein.4 According Institution Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines, [25(OH)D] results below 20 ng/mL (or 50 nmol/L) considered deficient Inadequate ubiquitous among Chinese.4 Numerous studies published describing lead cancer,6-10 metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease. shown be negatively correlated with risk. hypothesized fluctuations may related administration D.11 Regular provision lower blood-pressure without need doses medication. simple cure what chronic condition.12 Every 10% rise concentration was found result 8.1% reduction risk hypertension.13 Researchers considering further research into affect other heart disease, such likelihood Type 2 diabetes cholesterol, after discovering potentially association. To date, over several randomized trials organized researchers determine lowers role prevention strategy.14-16 mixed, they demonstrate unsatisfactory design, underlying remain deciphered. Therefore, many meta-analytical attempted integrate thereby assess functional relation regulating BP.4 A meta analysis earlier Zhang et al.15 increased when 25(OH)D reduced 75 nmol/L, continued prominent 75–130 nmol/L range. approximately L-shaped (nonlinearity = 0.04). aggregated data showed neither systolic nor diastolic intervention. Primary caused interact aging means hereditary ecological determinants. Although deficit tone,16 environmental factor normal homeostasis, does impair causation primary HTN susceptible adult individuals, works catalyst.16, 17 Other noteworthy hypotheses indicated alters endothelial function or intracellular concentrations. notable mechanism linking hypertension.18 enhanced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity improvement observed receptor (VDR) knockout mice point critical medication.19 Studies conducted previously bring inconsistent results. information presented context gives conclusion accordingly cohort D-deficient hypertensive patients, moderately containing will either restore close physiological prominently decrease Surprisingly, failed observe improving contradicting due poor methods, confounding anti-hypertensive agents, <10 cohorts. Forty percent along having extremely intaking In normotensive subjects there little BP.17 5-year VITAL experiment, supplementing ages likely develop regular intake circumvented. also cancer-related risks, apart reducing hypertension.12 Advances coupled detailed mechanistic pave way large-scale specific demographic groups. public health burden managing supplements administered population, helping dramatically improve interventions. Physicians encouraged check patients' help increasingly frequent Naga P. Vakkalagadda: Conceptualization; manuscript writing editing. Sri H. Narayana: Gummadi S. Sree: Manuscript Lakshmi Bethineedi: L. V. Simhachalam Kutikuppala: editing; submission. Gnana Medarametla: None. authors declare no conflict interest.